1. Как уже было сказано, месяц - это имя собственное (имя существительное, обозначающее слово или словосочетание, предназначенное для называния конкретного, вполне определённого предмета или явления, выделяющее этот предмет или явление из ряда однотипных предметов или явлений), названия месяцев и дней недели давались по именам богов и знаменитых людей. И, кстати, капитализация букв началась в 17 веке.
2. January was added as the 11th month and in anticipation of the new year is named for Janus.
February was added as the 12th month. It is named after the long standing annual celebration called Februariua, a festival lasting 29 days, which was a celebration of the forgiveness of sins.
In the Roman calendar new year started with the first day of Spring, which is in March. Mars was the deity of War. In war people die. People die when they loose blood. Blood is red. If they loose 'Life' when they loose red blood, then red must be the color of 'Life' itself. In short, March is named after Mars becuase red is the color of "Returning to Life" and Mars is red. So while the definition of March is "a month", March Means "A return to Life".
Next comes April. Aprilis is believed to come from a latin word "aperire" which means "to open up", such as the way flowers and trees seem to open up during this month.
Following April is May. May is named after Maia, or Miai, the mother of Mercury. She was the roman goddess of increase, or growth. So May is named as a symbol of growth. So the word May means "to grow or increase", while its definition is "the Fifth Month".
June comes next and is named for Juno, queen of the gods, the chief Roman goddess and the goddess of Marriage. Thus the infamous "June Wedding"
July, August, September, October, November, and December
Now you need to remember that the Romans only had 10 'months'. Also, they seemed to lose their inspiration after June. From here until the end of the year, they just numbered the months: After June came Quintilis, Quint meaning '5', the fifth month.
Sextilis, the prefix 'sex' means 6, the sixth month
September, or Septum-ber, septum is latin for 7, the seventh month
October, Octo- is 8 (for example, an Octogon has eight sides)
November, Novem is latin for 9, the 9th month
and Dec is 10, December, the 10th month.
3. Если будут проблемы с переводом .... напишите))